Chapter 8: Relations Between Models¶

The previous chapter covered the creation of custom views for a model containing basic fields. However, in any real business scenario we need more than one model. Moreover, links between models are necessary. One can easily imagine one model containing the customers and another one containing the list of users. You might need to refer to a customer or a user on any existing business model.

In our real estate module, we want the following information for a property:

the customer who bought the property
the real restate agent who sold the property
the property type: house, apartment, penthouse, castle…
a list of tags characterizing the property: cozy, renovated…
a list of the offers received

Many2one¶

Reference: the documentation related to this topic can be found in Many2one.

注解

Goal: at the end of this section:

a new estate.property.type model should be created with the corresponding menu, action and views.

three Many2one fields should be added to the estate.property model: property type, buyer and seller.

In our real estate module, we want to define the concept of property type. A property type is, for example, a house or an apartment. It is a standard business need to categorize properties according to their type, especially to refine filtering.

A property can have one type, but the same type can be assigned to many properties. This is supported by the many2one concept.

A many2one is a simple link to another object. For example, in order to define a link to the res.partner in our test model, we can write:

partner_id = fields.Many2one("res.partner", string="Partner")

By convention, many2one fields have the _id suffix. Accessing the data in the partner can then be easily done with:

print(my_test_object.partner_id.name)

参见

foreign keys

In practice a many2one can be seen as a dropdown list in a form view.

Exercise

Add the Real Estate Property Type table.

Create the estate.property.type model and add the following field:

Field	Type	Attributes
name	Char	required

Add the menus as displayed in this section’s Goal
Add the field property_type_id into your estate.property model and its form, tree and search views

This exercise is a good recap of the previous chapters: you need to create a model, set the model, add an action and a menu, and create a view.

Tip: do not forget to import any new Python files in __init__.py, add new data files in __manifest.py__ or add the access rights ;-)

Once again, restart the server and refresh to see the results!

In the real estate module, there are still two missing pieces of information we want on a property: the buyer and the salesperson. The buyer can be any individual, but on the other hand the salesperson must be an employee of the real estate agency (i.e. an Odoo user).

In Odoo, there are two models which we commonly refer to:

res.partner: a partner is a physical or legal entity. It can be a company, an individual or even a contact address.
res.users: the users of the system. Users can be ‘internal’, i.e. they have access to the Odoo backend. Or they can be ‘portal’, i.e. they cannot access the backend, only the frontend (e.g. to access their previous orders in eCommerce).

Exercise

Add the buyer and the salesperson.

Add a buyer and a salesperson to the estate.property model using the two common models mentioned above. They should be added in a new tab of the form view, as depicted in this section’s Goal.

The default value for the salesperson must be the current user. The buyer should not be copied.

Tip: to get the default value, check the note below or look at an example here.

注解

The object self.env gives access to request parameters and other useful things:

self.env.cr or self._cr is the database cursor object; it is used for querying the database
self.env.uid or self._uid is the current user’s database id
self.env.user is the current user’s record
self.env.context or self._context is the context dictionary
self.env.ref(xml_id) returns the record corresponding to an XML id
self.env[model_name] returns an instance of the given model

Now let’s have a look at other types of links.

Many2many¶

Reference: the documentation related to this topic can be found in Many2many.

注解

Goal: at the end of this section:

a new estate.property.tag model should be created with the corresponding menu and action.

tags should be added to the estate.property model:

In our real estate module, we want to define the concept of property tags. A property tag is, for example, a property which is ‘cozy’ or ‘renovated’.

A property can have many tags and a tag can be assigned to many properties. This is supported by the many2many concept.

A many2many is a bidirectional multiple relationship: any record on one side can be related to any number of records on the other side. For example, in order to define a link to the account.tax model on our test model, we can write:

tax_ids = fields.Many2many("account.tax", string="Taxes")

By convention, many2many fields have the _ids suffix. This means that several taxes can be added to our test model. It behaves as a list of records, meaning that accessing the data must be done in a loop:

for tax in my_test_object.tax_ids:
    print(tax.name)

A list of records is known as a recordset, i.e. an ordered collection of records. It supports standard Python operations on collections, such as len() and iter(), plus extra set operations like recs1 | recs2.

Exercise

Add the Real Estate Property Tag table.

Create the estate.property.tag model and add the following field:

Field	Type	Attributes
name	Char	required

Add the menus as displayed in this section’s Goal
Add the field tag_ids to your estate.property model and in its form and tree views

Tip: in the view, use the widget="many2many_tags" attribute as demonstrated here. The widget attribute will be explained in detail in a later chapter of the training. For now, you can try to adding and removing it and see the result ;-)

One2many¶

Reference: the documentation related to this topic can be found in One2many.

注解

Goal: at the end of this section:

a new estate.property.offer model should be created with the corresponding form and tree view.
offers should be added to the estate.property model:

In our real estate module, we want to define the concept of property offers. A property offer is an amount a potential buyer offers to the seller. The offer can be lower or higher than the expected price.

An offer applies to one property, but the same property can have many offers. The concept of many2one appears once again. However, in this case we want to display the list of offers for a given property so we will use the one2many concept.

A one2many is the inverse of a many2one. For example, we defined on our test model a link to the res.partner model thanks to the field partner_id. We can define the inverse relation, i.e. the list of test models linked to our partner:

test_ids = fields.One2many("test.model", "partner_id", string="Tests")

The first parameter is called the comodel and the second parameter is the field we want to inverse.

By convention, one2many fields have the _ids suffix. They behave as a list of records, meaning that accessing the data must be done in a loop:

for test in partner.test_ids:
    print(test.name)

危险

Because a One2many is a virtual relationship, there must be a Many2one field defined in the comodel.

Exercise

Add the Real Estate Property Offer table.

Create the estate.property.offer model and add the following fields:

Field	Type	Attributes	Values
price	Float
status	Selection	no copy	Accepted, Refused
partner_id	Many2one (`res.partner`)	required
property_id	Many2one (`estate.property`)	required

Create a tree view and a form view with the price, partner_id and status fields. No need to create an action or a menu.
Add the field offer_ids to your estate.property model and in its form view as depicted in this section’s Goal.

There are several important things to notice here. First, we don’t need an action or a menu for all models. Some models are intended to be accessed only through another model. This is the case in our exercise: an offer is always accessed through a property.

Second, despite the fact that the property_id field is required, we did not include it in the views. How does Odoo know which property our offer is linked to? Well that’s part of the magic of using the Odoo framework: sometimes things are defined implicitly. When we create a record through a one2many field, the corresponding many2one is populated automatically for convenience.

Still alive? This chapter is definitely not the easiest one. It introduced a couple of new concepts while relying on everything that was introduced before. The next chapter will be lighter, don’t worry ;-)